Why is didactic transposition in disaster education needed by prospective elementary school teachers?

Disaster risk reduction is a significant focus on sustainable development. One way to reduce disaster risk is through disaster education. Through disaster education, disaster knowledge and disaster mitigation knowledge will be obtained. This research is a preliminary study of didactic transposition in disaster education. The method used in this study is the SLR approach and bibliometric analysis. The research findings indicate four forms of connectedness, classified based on the main keyword, disaster knowledge. The four linkages are described as (a) co-occurrence network analysis; (b) word cloud analysis; (c) word tree maps analysis; and (d) network visualization analysis. Subsequently, the findings of the four connectedness are grouped into four clusters. The first cluster is disaster risk reduction, the second cluster is knowledge, the third cluster is disaster mitigation, and the fourth cluster is disaster knowledge. The four connectedness and four clusters will be used as recommendations for future research on the design and development of didactic transpositions in disaster education for prospective elementary school teachers.

Methodology for the early identification of neurodevelopmental disorders in the primary and preschool children in rural India by applying intervention module developed for teachers.

Objective: Neurodevelopmental disorders NDD are neurologic processing problems that interfere with learning in children. Primary and preschool teachers who are essential links in public health reach out to such children do not receive any formal training to identify these disorders. Hence, a primary and preschool level intervention addressing the issue is proposed. Materials and Methods: Primary and preschool teachers of government and government-aided schools and Anganwadi/preschools in the Model Rural Health Research Unit Tirunelveli field practice area will be assigned into two groups. The training module will be developed and validated using neurodevelopmental screening tool (NDST). Before identifying the students using the NDST, the teachers in Group A will get training using the module. Group B is the control group, in which untrained teachers administer the NDST to the children and then will be trained. Neurologists will assess the same children over 1 year. Results: The effectiveness of teacher training for the early detection of children with NDD will be assessed. Thus, the validity of the screening for NDD by the teachers will be estimated. Conclusion: If successful, the module can be incorporated into the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram program of India for the early identification of children with NDD.

The Relationship Between Dysphonia Severity Index and Voice-Related Quality of Life in the Elementary School Teachers with Voice Complaint.

INTRODUCTION: Teachers are one of the largest groups of professional voice users who are highly dependent on their voice in their working environment using their voice as a primary tool for their profession. Thus, they are at high risk of voice disorders. Since voice disorders are multi-causal in nature, it is necessary to evaluate them systematically and in different ways to determine the exact nature of the disorder. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between Voice-Related Quality of Life (VRQOL) and Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI) was examined from the perspective of teachers with voice complaint. METHOD: In this study, 157 primary school teachers with voice complaint (49 males and 108 females) with an average age of 38.54 ± 9.56 years were studied using DSI and VRQOL as a self-assessment. RESULTS: The mean of VRQOL was 74.379 ± 18.95 and the mean of DSI was 1.339 ± 1.62. The results of the study showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the overall scores of DSI and VRQOL scales (r = 0.545, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that a low dysphonia severity index, reflecting poor laryngeal function, is associated with lower voice-related quality of life. Therefore, accurate and timely assessment of the DSI in teachers can prevent the occurrence and/or progression of voice disorder and, consequently, prevent reducing the voice-related quality of life in teachers.

Effects of the A+ intervention on elementary-school teachers' social and emotional competence and occupational health.

Teaching is, to date, one of the most prone jobs to experiencing occupational stress and burnout. Owing to burnout's negative personal, social, organizational and economic impacts, researchers, practitioners and education policy leaders are interested in developing practices and interventions aimed at preventing/reducing its prevalence. With teachers' main professional demands to be of a social and emotional nature, interventions designed with a view to promote teachers' social and emotional competence appears to be particularly promising, positively impacting teachers' well-being and personal accomplishment and contributing to a decrease in their psychological distress, namely emotional exhaustion. However, theoretical and empirically grounded interventions with ecological validity and specifically targeting teachers are still scarce. Thus, to bridge the previously identified gaps, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the quality of the intervention's implementation of the A+, an online social and emotional learning intervention for elementary-school teachers. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a total of 81 participants (96.3% female, MAge = 46.21, SDAge = 4.82, n = 42 assigned to the experimental group) from three different school contexts. School clusters were similar in size, organizational structure and socioeconomic level, and as regards previous attendance at social and emotional learning interventions; however, they differed with regards to perceived organizational climate. Data on the efficacy of the A+ was collected across four waves using a set of self-report questionnaires that assessed proximal variables (i.e., social and emotional skills) and distal variables (e.g., well-being, burnout symptoms), and analyzed through Robust Linear Mixed-Effects Models. Coefficient omegas suggested adequate reliability of the measures. Additionally, two trained observers completed an observation grid to evaluate the quality of the A+ implementation (e.g., participant responsiveness, fidelity), with excellent inter-rater reliability. Results suggested that, over time, the A+ had positive impacts across proximal (e.g., increased self-regulation, positive relationship, conflict management skills) and distal variables (e.g., increased emotional well-being, decreased occupational stress and emotional exhaustion symptoms) favoring the experimental group. However, results differed across the school contexts. These findings were accompanied by good implementation quality indicators, namely high fidelity in the delivery of the A+ contents and high participants' responsiveness. Despite its limitations, this study contributes to a growing body of research which reinforces the importance of investing in social and emotional learning interventions to prevent teachers' burnout and improve their occupational health. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of implementation quality research as a component of program planning with a view to enhancing programs' efficacy, as well as the need to adapt and consider context variables in research and practice.

Perceptions of Saudi Arabian school teachers in private general education schools toward the inclusion of students with disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Teachers' attitudes and perceptions are of significance to the inclusion of students with disabilities in the general education classroom with their typical peers. AIMS: This study quantitatively investigated the perceptions of private elementary school teachers regarding the inclusion of students with disabilities in the general education classroom. METHODS AND PROCEDURE: The study sample comprised 213 teachers working in private elementary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that offer inclusive special education programming alongside a general education curriculum. The Opinions Relative to the Integration of Students with Disabilities (ORI) survey, was utilized to adapt the survey instrument for this study. RESULTS AND OUTCOMES: We concluded that private school teachers have a slightly negative attitude toward the inclusion of students with disabilities. Although the results did not reveal a relationship between teachers' attitudes and their age or education level, a relationship was found between their perceptions toward inclusion of students with disabilities and the type of disability, the individual teacher's gender, the role of the teacher (general vs. special education), and the individual's training in inclusive education. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The implications of the results to Saudi and beyond and suggestions for further research including outside of the urban context are discussed.

Implementation of Group and Individual Supervision Techniques, and Its Effect on the Work Motivation and Performance of Teachers at School Organization.

Teachers have a very important role in determining the quality of the teaching-learning process and the students' learning outcomes. Learning outcomes will optimally be achieved if it is supported by qualified teachers. One way to enhance the teachers' performance is through instructional supervision which can be divided into two techniques, namely group and individual supervision techniques. Therefore, this study aims to find out the influence of instructional supervision techniques on the work motivation and performance of elementary school teachers. This study was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, and an explanatory research design was used. The sample was taken from 80 elementary school teachers in Malang and Blitar using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires and documentation, and then they were analyzed by using the structural equation modeling technique. The result of this study showed that group supervision has a significant effect on teachers' performance, whereas individual supervision influenced teachers' work motivation and it affected their performance.

Elementary school climate through teachers' eyes: Portuguese adaptation of the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire Revised for Elementary schools.

Strong links have been observed between professionals' occupational health and their perceived organizational climate. However, in Portugal, one of the European Union countries where teachers present higher levels of occupational stress, no measures have been found to assess perceived school climate in elementary-school teachers. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric qualities of the Portuguese adaptation of the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire Revised for Elementary Schools (OCDQ-RE). To test its factor structure, 687 elementary-school teachers (85.2% female, M Age = 46.15 years, SD Age = 8.88) completed the Portuguese OCDQ-RE. An additional sample of 81 participants (96.3% female, M Age = 46.21 years, SD Age = 4.82) responded at two points in time and completed external measures, ensuring test-retest reliability and validity analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized factor structure. Coefficient omegas suggested adequate internal consistency of the composites. Adequate test-retest reliability was sustained through high correlation scores between the two data collection waves. Evidence of discriminant validity against external measures was also observed. Despite the need for further studies, the results support the adequacy and reliability of the Portuguese OCDQ-RE which may be an important research and intervention resource.

Social and educational skills program with elementary school teachers / Programa de habilidades sociais e educativas com professores do ensino fundamental / Programa de habilidades sociales y educativas con cocentes de educación primaria

The study evaluated the effects of a Social and Educational Skills Program on the repertoire of social skills, educational social skills, and self-efficacy beliefs in teachers. Participants included 45 teachers who taught at the final grades of elementary school, in public schools in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Participants were allocated by convenience into 2 groups: intervention (n=22) and control (n=23). The program consisted of 10 meetings, with pre-test and post-test measures. The teachers responded to the following instruments: Social Skills Inventory, Educational Social Skills Inventory-teacher, Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale, and Socioeconomic Questionnaire. Results indicated that the intervention promoted the repertoire of social and educational skills of teachers and increased teaching self-efficacy beliefs. It was concluded that the intervention showed some indicators of efficacy, signaling the interpersonal development of the educators. Future research should include accompanying measures and experimental design (AU).

O estudo avaliou os efeitos de um Programa de Habilidades Sociais e Educativas no repertório de habilidades sociais, habilidades sociais educativas e nas crenças de autoeficácia docente. Participaram do estudo 45 professores que lecionavam nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental, em escolas públicas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os participantes foram alocados por conveniência em dois grupos: intervenção (n = 22); controle (n = 23). O programa foi composto por 10 encontros, com medidas de pré-teste e pós-teste. Os professores responderam aos instrumentos: Inventário de Habilidades Sociais, Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Educativas-professor, Escala de Autoeficácia Docente e Questionário Socioeconômico. Os resultados indicaram que a intervenção promoveu o repertório de habilidades sociais e educativas dos professores e aumentou as crenças de autoeficácia docente. Conclui-se que a intervenção evidenciou alguns indicadores de efetividade, sinalizando o desenvolvimento interpessoal dos educadores. Futuras pesquisas deverão incluir medidas de seguimento e delineamento experimental (AU).

El estudio evaluó los efectos de un programa de habilidades sociales y educativas sobre el repertorio de habilidades sociales educativas y las creencias de autoeficacia de los profesores. El estudio incluyó a 45 profesores que enseñaban en los últimos años de la Educación Primaria en escuelas públicas del Estado de Río de Janeiro. Los participantes fueron asignados por conveniencia en dos grupos: intervención (n=22); control (n=23). El programa se compuso por 10 reuniones, con medidas pre test y post test. Los docentes respondieron a los instrumentos: Inventario de Habilidades Sociales; Inventario de Habilidades Sociales Educativas-docente; Escala de Autoeficacia Docente; Cuestionario Socioeconómico. Los resultados indicaron que la intervención promovió el repertorio de habilidades sociales y educativas de los docentes y aumentó las creencias de autoeficacia docente. Se concluye que la intervención evidenció algunos indicadores de efectividad, señalando el desarrollo interpersonal de los educadores. Futuras investigaciones deben incluir medidas de seguimiento y diseño experimental (AU).

Oral Health Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Oral Health Education Among Elementary School Teachers in Kuwait.

PURPOSE: While parents are the primary caregivers, school teachers can play a crucial role in shaping the personality and lifestyle of children during the elementary school years. The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral health knowledge of elementary school teachers and to assess their attitude towards oral health education and its implementation in the elementary school curriculum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 1200 teachers working in government elementary schools. Data were collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire consisting of teachers' demographic data and their responses to knowledge and attitude questions. RESULTS: A total of 1031 teachers participated in this study, with a response rate of 86%. About two-thirds (66%) of the participants demonstrated high oral health knowledge. Participants' educational level was statistically significantly associated with their oral health knowledge. Almost all the participants (90%) agreed that oral health education should be included in the elementary school curriculum. More than two-thirds of the participants (74%) showed willingness to participate in online courses to promote oral health among elementary school children. CONCLUSION: Considering their oral health knowledge, positive attitude, teaching experience, and the fact that they have the potential to reach a large number of children and establish consistency and continuity in providing educational instructions, elementary school teachers should be encouraged to become involved in promoting oral health to elementary school children as a part of the teaching system. Such an approach is a good strategy to improve children's oral health and therefore reduce the burden of preventable oral diseases - dental caries and periodontal disease - worldwide.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for elementary school teachers: a mixed method study.

BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands, more than half of the teachers working in primary education experience high levels of work stress. Compared to other professions, teachers are more likely to drop out from work and develop mental illnesses. Almost one in five even choose a new profession within 5 years after starting as a teacher. This indicates an urgent need for interventions to reduce stress levels in teachers. However, few evidence-based effective interventions targeting stress and work-related problems in the primary educational system are available. AIM: In the current paper, we describe the protocol for a randomized controlled study (RCT) comparing an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention with a wait list control condition in primary school teachers. We hypothesize that teachers who participate in the MBSR programme will report less stress (primary outcome) than those in the control group at post-test and at 3-month follow-up. We also expect a decrease in teachers' absenteeism and improvements of mental health, teacher skills, classroom climate quality and the pupil-teacher relationship (secondary outcomes). Finally, we hypothesize that self-compassion, mindfulness skills and emotion regulation skills could mediate effects. METHODS/DESIGN: A mixed-method study will be conducted among N=155 Dutch primary school teachers (grade 1 to 6). The quantitative study will be an RCT, in which teachers will be randomly allocated to the MBSR or waiting list control condition. Trial participants will not be made actively aware of their condition. The data analysts will be blinded. Online questionnaires will be sent to teachers before and after the MBSR programme, and at 3-month follow-up. Information about absenteeism will be collected. In the qualitative part of the study, we will interview teachers to examine their perceived effects of MBSR on their teaching skills, the classroom climate quality and the pupil-teacher relationship. DISCUSSION: This protocol paper describes a mixed-method study design with an RCT and a qualitative evaluation to evaluate an MBSR programme on perceived stress among primary school teachers. If the MBSR programme proves to be effective, it could be implemented as a programme to reduce stress and improve mental health and teaching outcomes in primary school teachers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Nederland Trial Register NL. Registered on 19 November 2019-retrospectively registered, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8171.

The Effect of Perceived Over-Qualification on Turnover Intention From a Cognition Perspective.

Employee turnover caused by over-qualification has become a new problem in organizational management. The mechanism underpinning the boundaries between perceived over-qualification and employee turnover, however, remains unclear. To address this gap, the current study employed multi-factor ANOVA, hierarchical regression analysis and the bootstrap method to analyze the relationship between perceived over-qualification and employee turnover intention based on the survey data of 396 respondents in China. Overall, the results revealed that perceived over-qualification was positively correlated with turnover intention. It was also found that self-efficacy had a mediating effect on the relationship between perceived over-qualification and turnover intention. Further, professional identity had a moderating effect on the relationship between perceived over-qualification and turnover intention. Our findings expand the boundary of influence around perceived over-qualification and provide theoretical support for employee management.

Competência social de professores segundo mães e pais de alunos / Social competence of teachers according to student's mothers and fathers / Competencia social de profesores según las madres y los padres de los estudiantes

A participação da família na rotina educacional dos filhos pode trazer benefícios para todos os sujeitos envolvidos nesse processo e para a gestão escolar. O estudo buscou compreender as concepções de mães e pais de alunos do Ensino Fundamental acerca da competência social dos professores dos filhos. Participaram oito mães e oito pais, cada metade de escolas públicas e privadas. Uma entrevista semiestruturada foi realizada individualmente com cada participante. Os dados coletados foram analisados através do software IRAMUTEQ. Os resultados indicaram similaridades entre as concepções dos dois grupos ao demonstrar a expectativa de que os comportamentos dos docentes sejam favoráveis a interação dos alunos, promovam sua aprendizagem, ofereçam apoio em suas dificuldades e permitam uma correção disciplinar adequada. As diferenças foram que os pais aparentaram ter uma visão mais distanciada do universo educacional, levando-os a apresentar concepções mais preocupadas acerca dos comportamentos dos professores em relação aos resultados das mães (AU).

The family's participation in the children's educational routine can bring benefits to all subjects involved in this process and to school management. The study sought to understand the conceptions of mothers and fathers of elementary school students about the social competence of their children's teachers. Eight mothers and eight fathers participated, each half from public and private schools. A semistructured interview was conducted individually with each participant. The collected data were analyzed using the IRAMUTEQ software. The results indicated similarities between the expectations of the two groups when demonstrating the expectation that the teachers 'behaviors are favorable to the students' interaction, promote their learning, offer support in their difficulties, and allow an adequate disciplinary correction. The differences were that the parents appeared to have a more distant view of the educational universe, leading them to present more concerned conceptions about the teachers' behavior in relation to the mothers' results (AU).

La participación de la familia en la rutina educativa de los niños puede aportar beneficios a todas las materias involucradas en este proceso y a la gestión escolar. El estudio buscó comprender las concepciones de madres y padres de estudiantes de primaria sobre la competencia social de los maestros de sus hijos. Participaron ocho madres y ocho padres, cada uno de ellos de escuelas públicas y privadas. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada individualmente con cada participante. Los datos recopilados se analizaron utilizando el software IRAMUTEQ. Los resultados indicaron similitudes entre las expectativas de los dos grupos al demostrar la expectativa de que los comportamientos de los maestros son favorables a la interacción de los estudiantes, promueven su aprendizaje, ofrecen apoyo en sus dificultades y permiten una corrección disciplinaria adecuada. Las diferencias fueron que los padres parecían tener una visión más distante del universo educativo, lo que los llevó a presentar concepciones más preocupantes sobre el comportamiento de los maestros en relación con los resultados de las madres (AU).

Violence Against Teachers and Work Ability: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Brazil.

This study aimed to describe teacher work ability in relation to violence against teachers and certain sociodemographic and occupational features. A cross-sectional study investigated 525 kindergarten and elementary grade school teachers from Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Northeast Brazil. Information from each teacher was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The main outcome was teacher reports about their current and future (in 2 years' time) physical and emotional work ability. The teachers were predominantly female, young, with heavy workloads and on low incomes. Teachers reported being victimized in the school by physical violence (22.9%), verbal violence (42.9%), theft or robbery (36.4%), aggression or threats with a firearm or a non-firearm weapon (knife, glass, etc.; 7.0%), or by some form of violence (58.4%). Teachers reported low physical (56.0%) and emotional (40.6%) current work ability. Low physical work ability was significantly associated with physical and verbal violence, theft and robbery, and some form of violence; low emotional work ability was associated with physical and verbal violence, aggression or threat with a weapon, and some form of violence. Expectation of low work ability in the future was reported by 42.9% of the teachers and was associated with higher education level, and physical violence, verbal violence, theft or robbery, aggression or threat with a weapon, and some form of violence. The association between violence and work ability was modified by education level. Subsequent control of confounding in the strata of education confirmed the associations between violence and low work ability. The physical, emotional, and future work ability of teachers was low and associated with school violence, indicating the need to promote a safer work environment inside the school and in society as a whole.

Indicadores Críticos para Avaliação de Habilidades Sociais Educativas em Situações Interpessoais Difíceis / Critical Indicators for Assessing Educational Social Skills in Difficult Interpersonal Situations

Resumo No processo ensino-aprendizagem, a sala de aula é afetada por conflitos interpessoais. Isso exige que o professor lide com situações difíceis durante grande parte do tempo de aula. Este estudo visou construir indicadores de criticidade associando o grau de desconforto emocional, a frequência e a probabilidade de ocorrência de habilidades sociais educativas diante de situações interpessoais consideradas difíceis em sala de aula. Participaram 200 professores do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas. O inventário contou com 19 itens. Foram encontradas sete situações pouco críticas, oito moderadas e quatro muito críticas. Esses resultados podem levar à discussão de como os professores lidam com essas situações e o quanto são capacitados a exercer sua profissão com competência social.

Abstract During the teaching-learning process, the classroom is affected by interpersonal conflicts. This requires the teacher to deal with difficult situations for much of the class time. In this context, this study aimed to construct indicators of criticality by associating frequency of occurrence, degree of emotional discomfort and probability of occurrence of educational social skills in the face of interpersonal situations considered difficult to class. 200 teachers from public and private schools attended. The inventory had 19 items. There were seven uncritical situations, eight moderate and four very critical. These results may lead to a discussion of how teachers deal with these situations and how well they are able to exercise their profession with social competence.

Elementary teachers' attitudes and beliefs about spatial thinking and mathematics.

Considering how spatial thinking connects to Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) outcomes, recent studies have evaluated how spatial interventions impact elementary students' math learning. While promising, these interventions tend to overlook other factors affecting math learning; perceptions of math abilities, beliefs about math, and math anxiety can also impact math performance. Additionally, perceptions of spatial skill and spatial anxiety impact spatial performance. This study investigated how elementary teachers' perceptions of spatial thinking connects with math perceptions. Specifically, we focused on teachers' attitudes and beliefs around three topics: teaching and learning math, spatial abilities, and spatial thinking in mathematics. We found that lower spatial anxiety related to lower anxiety about teaching math, greater alignment between math beliefs and math standards, and greater efficacy in teaching and learning math. Further, a factor analysis showed one factor that connected stereotypical math thinking with both math and spatial anxiety, and another that connected spatial competencies, teaching and learning math, and spatial thinking within math. To further evaluate spatial thinking in math, we introduced a math categorization and verified it using teachers' ratings of teaching difficulty, visualization helpfulness, and spatial-thinking involvement. Structural equation models revealed that the level of spatial-thinking categorization was the best model of all three of the teachers' ratings. Overall, results showed numerous connections between teachers' attitudes and beliefs about mathematics and spatial thinking. Future intervention studies should consider teachers who are spatial and/or math-anxious, and future research should investigate the role of stereotypical thinking in spatial and math anxiety.

Importancia de la enfermera escolar según la percepción de funcionarios de colegios básicos de una provincia de chile / Importance of the school nurse according to the perception of officials of basic schools of a province of chile / Importância da enfermagem escolar de acordo com a percepção de funcionários de escolas básicas de uma província do chile

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la importancia de la enfermera escolar según la percepción de los funcionarios de colegios básicos de una provincia al sur de Chile. Material y Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal que, a partir de un universo de 169 funcionarios de 5 colegios públicos y privados, obtuvo una muestra de 126 (75%) personas quienes, posterior a dar su consentimiento informado, respondieron el instrumento "Percepción de la importancia de la enfermera escolar", desde la perspectiva de sus funciones asistenciales, educativas, investigativas, administrativas y de gestión. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de ética de la Universidad Adventista de Chile. Resultados: El 94% de los funcionarios refieren que es importante la enfermera escolar para actuar en emergencias ocurridas durante el horario escolar; un 93,5% percibe que la enfermera es indispensable para atender en primeros auxilios; un 92,25% cree que los padres estarán tranquilos al saber que hay un profesional de salud en la escuela y un 91,75% dice que el profesional de enfermería puede educar al alumnado sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual. Conclusión: Según los funcionarios de los colegios, la presencia de una enfermera escolar es importante y debiera estar presente para mantener la salud de los estudiantes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the importance of the school nurse as perceived by school staff members of elementary schools from a province south Chile. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, using a sample of 126 (75%) participants from a population of 169 school staff members of 5 public and private schools. After giving informed consent, the participants answered the instrument "Perception of the importance of the school nurse", from the perspective of their caregiving, educational, research and management functions. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chilean Adventist University. Results: 94% of school staff members indicate that the school nurse is important when acting in emergencies during school hours; 93.5% consider that the school nurse is vital when it comes to providing first aid; 92.25% believe that parents feel reassured when there is a health professional in the school, and 91.75% say that nurses can educate students on sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: According to school staff members, the presence of a school nurse is important and should be promoted for maintaining student's health.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a importância da enfermeira escolar de acordo com a percepção dos funcionários da escola básica de uma província sul do Chile. Material e Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal que, de um universo de 169 funcionários de 5 escolas públicas e privadas, obteve uma amostra de 126 (75%) pessoas que, depois de dar o consentimento informado, responderam ao instrumento "Percepção da importância da enfermeira escolar", na perspectiva de suas funções assistenciais, educacionais, de pesquisa, administrativas e gerenciais. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comité de Ética da Universidade Adventista do Chile. Resultados: 94% dos funcionários relata que a enfermeira escolar é importante para atuar em emergências durante o horário escolar; 93,5% percebe que a enfermeira é indispensável para o atendimento de primeiros socorros; 92,25% acredita que os pais ficam calmos sabendo que existe um profissional de saúde na escola e 91,75% diz que o profissional de enfermagem pode educar os alunos sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Conclusão: Segundo os funcionários da escola, a presença de uma enfermeira escolar é importante e deve estar presente para manter a saúde dos alunos.

Teacher Anxiety Program for Elementary Students (TAPES): intervention development and proposed randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Excessive student anxiety is a common problem that severely impairs short- and long-term academic functioning and increases teacher burden. Reducing student anxiety has been associated with improvement in educational functioning. Because anxiety manifests daily in the classroom, teachers are in an ideal position to identify and help students manage their anxiety. Unfortunately, teachers lack the knowledge and skills to support the learning of students with excessive anxiety. The Teacher Anxiety Program for Elementary Students (TAPES), a novel teacher-administered school-home collaborative intervention, was designed to address this gap. METHODS: This manuscript describes the protocol for developing and evaluating TAPES. Specifically, we present a description of: (1) the intervention and theoretical model; and (2) methods for the proposed randomized controlled trial comparing TAPES to a standard professional development seminar focused on reducing student anxiety. DISCUSSION: Primary aims examine the impact of the TAPES training on teacher knowledge and skill. Secondary aims examine the impact of TAPES on student outcomes. Exploratory aims will examine mediators based on our proposed theory of change. If effective, TAPES has the potential to directly benefit teachers (improving skills) and students (reducing anxiety and improving functioning). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03899948. Registered on 28 March 2019.

Elementary school teachers' knowledge of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: Teachers are often the first ones to suspect attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in their students, because they are with them for most of the day and they know how normal students typically behave in classroom situations. The aim of this study is to assess the teachers' level of knowledge of ADHD and identify some factors affecting that knowledge. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study conducted among male and female elementary governmental schools in Madina city during the year 2017/1438. A pre-validated and translated self-administered questionnaire is used in data collection. It includes demographical questionnaire and the Knowledge of Attention Deficit Disorder Scale. RESULTS: The study included 416 teachers. Their age ranged between 22 and 66 years. The average percentage of knowledge regarding ADHD general information, symptoms/diagnosis, and treatment were 41.6 ± 15.1, 41.7 ± 15, and 30.7 ± 16.6, respectively. The average percentage of overall knowledge score regarding ADHD was 38 ± 11.3. Only experience in teaching (P = 0.042) and previous experience with a child with ADHD (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with teachers' knowledge regarding ADHD general information. Special need teachers had the highest score of knowledge regarding ADHD symptoms (mean rank was 283.7), P = 0.013, and they had the highest score of knowledge regarding ADHD treatment (mean rank was 261.9), P = 0.032. Teachers who reported previous experience with a child with ADHD expressed higher level of overall knowledge regarding ADHD, P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge regarding ADHD among elementary school teachers in Madina is suboptimal, particularly regarding treatment.

Emisión de Conductas de TDAH por Niños "Normales" en Opinión de Maestros Argentinos / Emission of ADHD Behaviors by "Normal" Children according to Argentinean Teachers

Resumen Según el DSM-IV un niño que emite "a menudo" seis de 18 conductas debe etiquetarse con TDAH. Los maestros generalmente reportan la frecuencia de emisión "anormal". El estudio averiguó la frecuencia de emisión de conductas del TDAH por niños "normales". Maestros de primaria (N = 113) señalaron la frecuencia (0 = nunca; 3 = muy frecuentemente) con la que un niño "normal" emite en clase las conductas del TDAH incluidas en el DSM-IV. Según el 25.7% de los maestros, los niños normales emiten frecuentemente (más de cuatro veces por hora) seis o más conductas del TDAH. Las características sociodemográficas de los maestros y variables del contexto escolar se relacionaron con la frecuencia considerada como normal. Se concluyó que las conductas del TDAH son emitidas muy frecuentemente en clase por los niños normales. El juicio sobre si dicha frecuencia es o no anormal dependerá del subgrupo al que pertenecen los maestros. Por tanto, una misma conducta puede juzgarse como anormal por un maestro y como normal por otro. Los resultados son congruentes con la aproximación psicológica a la conducta anormal que postula que cada observador juzgará como normal o anormal una conducta conforme su propio criterio, determinado por factores culturales.

Abstract According to the DSM-IV a child that "often" emits at least six of 18 behaviors should be diagnosed with ADHD. Generally teachers are the first to report the "abnormal" frequency of behaviors of their students. The study aimed at determining the frequency of emission of ADHD behaviors by a "normal" student during class hours. Elementary school teachers (N = 113) reported in a 4-point scale (0 = never; 3 = very frequently) the frequency with which a "normal" child emits in class the ADHD behaviors included in the DSM-IV. Results showed that according to 25.7% of the teachers, "normal" children emit frequently (i.e., more than four times per hour) six or more ADHD behaviors. Results also showed that the sociodemographic characteristics of the teachers and school-situational variables were related to the frequency of a beha vior that was deemed as normal. It was concluded that ADHD behaviors are emitted quite frequently by normal children du ring class hours. The judgment on whether that frequency is or not normal will depend of the subgroup to which each teacher belongs. Thus, a same behavior could be judged as normal by one teacher and as abnormal by another. The results are in accordance with the psychological approximation to abnormal behavior that states that each observer will judge a behavior as normal or as abnormal according to his/her own criteria determined by cultural standards.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de deseabilidad social de Marlowe y Crowne en docentes peruanos / Psychometric properties of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale in peruvian teachers

El objetivo de la investigación fue obtener evidencias de las propiedades psicométricas de las puntuaciones derivadas de aplicar la escala de deseabilidad social de Marlowe y Crowne a una población de 28 972 docentes de segundo grado de primaria evaluada en el Perú, la cual estuvo conformada por distintos estratos, como el tipo de gestión (74% estatales y 26% no estatales) y la ubicación geográfica (urbana 65% y rural 35%). Los análisis psicométricos se realizaron en dos muestras de 5000 casos cada una, con características similares a la población. Además, se describe y comparan la deseabilidad social de los docentes. Los resultados permitieron obtener evidencias de validez vinculadas a la estructura interna del instrumento aplicando análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios que apoyaron la unidimensionalidad del instrumento. Para analizar la confiabilidad del instrumento se evaluaron los modelos de medición, y se notó que el congenérico era el que mejor caracterizaba a los ítems, por ello se calculó la confiabilidad a través de los coeficientes omega que alcanzaron valores entre .83 y .87, adicionalmente se incluyeron los intervalos de confianza, los errores estándar de medición, los baremos por rangos percentilares. Para realizar las comparaciones de los puntajes de la DS por estrato se analizó la invarianza del instrumento, encontrándose que no se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas.

The objective of the research was to gather evidence of the psychometric properties of the scores derived from the Marlowe­Crowne Social Desirability Scale applied to a population of 28 972 second-grade elementary school teachers in Peru, considering different strata, such as management type (public sector 74% and private sector 26%) and geographic location (urban 65% and rural 35%). Psychometric analyses were developed in two samples of 5000 cases each, with similar characteristics to those of the study population. In addition, social desirability of the teachers was described and compared. The results allowed to gather validity evidence linked to the internal structure of the instrument by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that supported the unidimensionality of the instrument. In order to analyze the reliability of the instrument, measurement models were assessed, with the congeneric model being the best option to characterize the items. Therefore, reliability was assessed using omega coefficients that reached values between .83 and .87. Additionally, confidence intervals, standard errors of measurement, and scales based on percentile ranks were included in the research. To compare social desirability scores by stratum, the instrument invariance was analyzed and no significant statistical differences were found.